Injection drug use is a major risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and drug treatment is widely recognized as a core component of the public health effort to limit the spread of HIV.

The assumption is frequently made that lack of immediate access to treatment is a significant barrier to the success of this effort.

However, little empirical data exist to support this belief.

We conducted a trial of no-cost outpatient drug-free treatment made available on demand to a cohort of out-of-treatment injection drug users (IDUs) in Portland, Oregon, through a coupon program.

Of 824 IDUs, 272 (33%) expressed an interest in treatment, 225 (27%) accepted a coupon, 66 (8%) redeemed a coupon, and 9 (1%) remained in treatment for 6 months.

These numbers indicate that simply enhancing access is not adequate.

Additional strategies to increase motivation to enter and remain in treatment are needed if drug treatment is to play an important role in reducing the spread of HIV among injection drug users, their sexual partners, and their infants.